November 8, 2015

Outback 3 Outlaw country

And so we headed south, almost due south from Hughenden, on the road to Muttaburra. About 10 km from town is Mount Walker, which enticed with the promise of views. There was a steep climb, and an over-abundance of signs, but the plains vistas were striking.
The fence beyond which we could not go
We'd been lulled into a false sense of security by the first few kilometres: beyond Mt Walker the bitumen stopped, which was indicated on the map but I hadn't paid attention. Perhaps there comes a time when you tire of gravel. And we had 435 kilometres to go, plus I was on a mission. There were a few of these birds on the road, dashing about after insects, as the country became emptier of vegetation, and life generally. There was a new design of station sign I liked, indicating which breed of cattle they stock.
Australian Pratincole – a first!
Grass plains nothingness
Flinders Poppies
Fortunately, we came across this guy at a sealed floodway section, possibly Landsborough Creek channels. We pulled right off to the left and let him pass – all the better to photograph.
It was almost midday, and time for roos to seek shade.
Muttaburra, 204 kilometres from Hughenden, was an interesting little place, and quite lively. Just to the north of the town, the Landsborough, Towerhill and Cornish (Torrens) Creeks come together to form the Thomson River, the river at Longreach. This is many-channelled country, but at this time of year, and in drought, they were indistinguishable from any other patch of parched earth. (Also north of Muttaburra – 17 km to be precise – is the geographical centre of Queensland.) There must have been water somewhere, because a variety of birdlife was evident before we were properly in town. I had never been able to get so close to beautiful Brolgas before.
Galahs and Little Corellas were sharing a tree: I'm not sure the latter were that keen on the idea. They were mumbling under their breath, not their usual squeaky chatter at all. We also saw Lapwings, and fighting Magpies, which is unusual. Later, back on the road, we disturbed a group of Galahs and Apostlebirds, and there were Black Kites circling, which has come to mean Outback to me as much as red dirt and Spinifex.
Tweedle-dum and Tweedle-dee
Muttaburra used to have one of those we-have-everything shops that were once found in most Outback towns. The history of Cassimatis General Store began in 1914 when a Greek family arrived in town and rented a small cafe. The business they built up traded for 60 years, until 1978: the store is now a fascinating museum and includes the family's cottage next door.
Spot the roo
Muttaburra has the honour of having a dinosaur named after it – Muttaburrasaurus! The fossilised bones of this creature were found in 1962 by a local grazier, Doug Langdon. It was a 7 metre long herbivore, an ornithopod, and was fairly common in the Australian landscape about 100 million years ago, during the Cretaceous Period. And so Muttaburra became another stop on Queensland's Dinosaur Trail, and has lifesize dinos around the place to prove it.
We bought coffees at this place.
I got talking to some friendly Aussies while I was waiting, as you do. They tend to assume from the accent that I'm a visitor, but once they know I live here and travel the Outback from time to time, they often ask where we're headed next. When I asked for directions to Starlights Lookout, I was referred to Aunty Fiona herself. She knew a more direct route than the one I was intending, and gave me verbal instructions. From her shop, we had to carry on along Bruford Street, then turn first right, past Muttaburra racecourse (does every Outback town have one?). About 60 kilometres down the track we would come to a fork where we'd turn right. We would know we'd gone the wrong way if we crossed a creek. We'd see the Lookout eventually, she said. It was all a bit vague, and concentration was required, so there were few photos once we hit the road. 
'Starlights Lookout' was not on any of our many maps of Queensland: but I identified a circular feature called Cassidys Knob that looked as if it might be roughly in the right place. We couldn't be sure, however, until we saw this.
The previous evening, over our gloopy Chinese in Hughenden, we'd had more choices to make: not to visit Aramac and Horsetailers Gorge (we were a tad over-Gorged); and to reinstate Starlights Lookout, somewhere north of Longreach. The latter had been on last year's itinerary, on day 2, but that was before a puncture on a Sunday stole the time away that day. I found out about the Lookout back on our first Outback trip, but we'd never been to Longreach before and there was a lot to explore in the town itself.

The story associated with Starlights Lookout is a great yarn. It concerns Harry Readford, a stockman and bushranger who became notorious as a cattle-duffer: that's cattle thief in English. In 1870, he worked on a vast station south of Longreach, Bowen Downs, and he hatched a plan to gradually 'disappear' and hoard away some of the cattle in a remote area of the property. When he had gathered about 1000, he and a couple of partners in crime spirited them away: no one on the property was any the wiser. Readford knew he couldn't sell the cattle in Queensland because their brands would be recognised, so he drove them to South Australia, via the Channel Country and the Strzelecki Desert – an extraordinary feat.

Workers at Bowen Downs realised what had happened when they came across the remote stockyards where Readford had assembled the cattle. He had made one big mistake, however; taking with him a rather distinctive white bull, which he traded for supplies on his journey through South Australia. When a party of Bowen Downs stockmen and Aboriginal trackers successfully followed Readford's tracks weeks later, they eventually came across and recognised the white bull. Meanwhile, Readford had sold the rest of the mob for a tidy sum.

Two years later, Readford was arrested in Sydney and taken to Roma, back in Queensland. The jury were so impressed by what he'd managed to do, they found him not guilty, which is extraordinary in itself, but oh so Australian. A few years later he spent 18 months in jail for horse stealing, but the rest of his life consisted of droving cattle or managing remote stations. His notoriety was sealed, however. In fact, he was never known as Captain Starlight, the name of a character in Robbery Under Arms by Rolf Boldrewood (1889), an amalgam of several bushrangers, including Frank Pearson, who styled himself by that name.

Starlights Lookout is where Readford surveyed the endless plains to see if he'd been followed from Bowen Downs. As I stood on top of the hill, I tried to imagine what 1000 cattle must have looked like milling around below.
We pressed on to Longreach, where we filled up with diesel and snacks – somewhere along the way we'd missed lunch. The first time we stayed in Longreach I was horrified how big it was: these days, I like the place. With hindsight, I wish we'd stayed there; I reckon we could have found a motel room without much difficulty. But we were increasingly concerned about fading light, active roos and more than 100 kilometres between us and Isisford – on the Barcoo, one of my favourite river names – where we were booked for the night.

The bird extravaganza continued along the Ilfracombe-Isisford Road, where we must have seen a dozen Australian Bustards.
Isisford… and the bizarrely named Clancy's Overflow Hotel. I wish I'd taken a hint from the enormous difficulty I had getting through to the place to make a reservation. It took many calls to a phone that just rang and rang: and my browser couldn't open their website. I contacted tourist information in Longreach to check the number; and persevered. The building looked fine from the outside. It was like a façade on a movie set, however: behind was a different experience altogether. This made Innamincka Trading Post, yardstick of bad, seem like 4-star. It is not an exaggeration to say that I was relieved to be alive next morning.

I wanted to stay here because so many old, character hotels and pubs are no more in Outback towns. A hotel was first built near this site in 1876. The two-storey building dates from 1898, when it was named the Power's Club Hotel. A decade later, as the Club Hotel, it was the first in the far west to be connected to electricity. It's been Clancy's Overflow since the mid-60s: Glen Clancy was the licensee; Clancy of The Overflow is a Banjo Paterson poem. I don't even know why I'm telling you this: please don't ever go there, well only if you fancy a bad beer of a lunchtime on your way through a remote little town.

The first room we were offered didn't have an ensuite, which is what I'd booked. The second was a kind of 'suite' which we chose before we'd seen the filthy bathroom we couldn't bring ourselves to use. The bath mat was soaked from a leaking shower head; the slatted window wouldn't close. It was a cold night. There were broken blinds at windows that either didn't fit properly or had cracked or missing panes. The floor and walls of our bedroom sloped. The staircase was so rotten and rickety I thought I would put my foot through it, and at the top and bottom were heaps of rubbish. Do you know how many country hotels have burned down in the history of the Outback?

The pub meal was ordinary and just about edible; the wine was undrinkable and we sent it back. We'd only ordered wine because there was no decent beer. The staff consisted of two backpackers, who were pleasant enough. Two men old enough to be their fathers sat in the bar all evening and into the night, perhaps chancing their luck. We turned in early because nowhere was conducive to reading, relaxing or spending time. But the music thumped and the laughter from the bar was loud, until about 1 am. They knew we were in a room above: maybe it's sport for the locals, testing strangers.
Isisford was pleasant enough, but by next morning all we wanted to do was leave. It seems every road trip has its Nightmare on Main Street.
The road to Cassidys Knob is off-map
This post was last edited on 14 November 2015



November 3, 2015

Dead fascinators

If you want to know how big Melbourne Cup is in Australia, look at the length of its entry in Wiki, and the level of detail. You'll find out all you need to know, so I won't have to explain. It's so big it doesn't need any qualifiers. When people consult their diaries, they say, 'It's Melbourne Cup'. Not '…the Melbourne Cup', or '…Melbourne Cup Day'.

I spotted my first outrageous outfit by about 7:15 this morning, as I dropped my friend off at Bulimba ferry. There wasn't much to it: short-short; with billowing sheer white appendage; and vertiginous heels, natch. Don't get me wrong. I adore fabulous outfits. Talking of which, I went to see The Dressmaker yesterday. Loved it, for many reasons. But I'd choose stylish over stunning any day.

Eighteen hundred kilometres and a time zone away from Flemington, Brisbane workplaces come to a halt for 'the race that stops a nation'. Don't try to fix a meeting for that time. Colleagues will exclaim, 'But it's Melbourne Cup!' In Victoria, the first Tuesday in November is a public holiday; unless you live in a country town that has its own 'Spring Carnival', in which case you can choose which day to holiday. Daycare facilities are closed, so heaven help you if you're a parent working in essential services that, thankfully, don't stop for a horse race.

The people of this betting nation part with hundreds of millions of their hard-earned dollars on this day. You probably wouldn't believe the figures for all the major sports fixtures during a year, but have a read of http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/proof-australia-is-a-nation-of-punters-with-a-record-26-billion-spent-on-race-and-sports-betting-this-year/story-fni0cx12-1227102194583?sv=cfb36744344d24144f19b5c08eef9db1. And until 19 November
you can still catch this deeply disturbing programme from a few weeks back: http://iview.abc.net.au/programs/ka-ching-pokie-nation/DO1406H001S00. Even country town RSLs have ranks of pokies to rival venues on Las Vegas Strip.

Is it me or is this madness?

The first couple of years I lived here, I was away on Melbourne Cup Day. I heard all about the champagne flowing from the 'three-course meal and three-hour beverages packages'. My friends who went looked so smart and beautiful in the photos, and I was almost sorry I'd missed the fun. Another year, I decided I didn't want to spend hundreds of dollars on a new outfit and accessories I'd probably only wear once, and a meal with more booze than I could put away in a weekend, never mind at lunch. By last year I'd admitted that racing isn't for me. I don't like what happens to the horses, either as 'encouragement' to run faster or as a result of injuries they sustain in doing so*. Punters are shielded from the grim realities of a cruel sport. I don't have any inclination to bet, and I find it disquieting that betting is so openly encouraged in a nation in which gambling is such an enormous social problem.

Former racing journo Michael Hutak, writing for The Drum yesterday, observed, 'It may have serious ethical issues, but racing is so embedded in the vernacular of Australian social and public life, many of us are happy to look the other way in the Spring sunshine'.

I heard on the radio this morning that hats are back. Fascinators… aren't. Finalement, les fascinateurs sont passés. So, what happens to them, fascinators that are finished with? There are still 64 on David Jones's website. I rather like one of Mimco's (top). Shame I've got a fringe.

* Post script The ABC's 7.30 Report on Tuesday evening told the hopefully happy-ending story of a Melbourne Cup favourite, Red Cadeaux, who many feared would have to be put down after he injured a fetlock during the race. In the end he didn't even have surgery. He has been retired and will be able to heal slowly. How many people remember what happened last year, when two horses died? http://www.theage.com.au/sport/melbourne-cup-2015-horses-for-courses-as-spring-racing-carnival-in-full-flight-20151030-gkmul9

Post script 29 November 2015 Sadly, Red Cadeaux's recovery took a turn for the worse and I learned this week that the horse had to be put down. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-21/red-cadeaux-euthanased-due-to-melbourne-cup-injury/6960812



November 1, 2015

Imaginary lines

I'm sorry for the gap in coverage of the Kevin's Corner case in Brisbane's Land Court: from the first day to the last, in fact. (See also Not in Kevin's Corner, October 2015.) Friday was final submissions day: there was some urgency to finish, and Court was adjourned by lunchtime. In between there had been six days of evidence, a large proportion of which was devoted to groundwater. Mid-point, I was poised to write about water issues again, but key elements haven't really changed since the Alpha case in 2013: the uncertainty of modelling outcomes; misjudged priorities (profit trumps groundwater); and expedient decision making preceding adequate research.

Nevertheless, here is some of the evidence… interspersed with a few of my observations, and pictures, for light relief.

An early witness was Andy Mifflin, GVK Hancock's Executive General Manager Development Projects, a title with a word missing, surely. He sounded like a Northerner to me, but one who'd had the humour and friendliness beaten out of him by many years in a contentious industry; more like a dour Scot, in fact. He told the Court that he had monitored the approvals process for the Alpha mine, and that reports and documents produced for Kevin's Corner (KC) were different because it has underground operations; that rail infrastructure required for the KC mine was the responsibility of a different company, Hancock Coal Infrastructure; that KC coal is slightly below the Newcastle benchmark; and that GVK's longterm contracts are with equity partners (such as energy companies) so current low futures trading figures for coal are irrelevant.
Coal train heading for Gladstone
Grazier Bruce Currie, representing himself in Court, has so far been unable to secure a make-good agreement with GVK. His property is west of the 0.5 metre drawdown contour, ie further away from the mine site, but he was concerned about the absence of a 0 metre contour. GVK cannot, however, be 100 per cent sure that Mr Currie's bores will never be impacted. He believes that make-good agreements are failing landowners, but the judge, Member Cochrane, explained that he could neither make nor change the law; only use the law to adjudicate on the issue of this case: should a mining lease be granted, and, if so, with what conditions? The proposed Water Management Plan would include monitoring bores, but bore surveys to date have been for groundwater modelling purposes. Mr Currie's bores have not been surveyed, but Mr Mifflin assured him he was not being ignored. At one point, Member Cochrane told Mr Currie to 'stop fishing' for information to further his cause rather than arguing his case. Mr Currie was seeking reassurance, of course, and was rather harshly reined in. However, I sensed that GVK's counsel, Damian Clothier QC, was resisting at least some of his jack-in-a-box urge to object to Mr Currie's cross-examination on subtle legal grounds that Mr Currie was completely unaware of.

Ecologist Dr David Dique was called by GVK. There was some discussion about how to define 'the region' in which to assess cumulative impacts of mining. In Dr Dique's opinion, it would include other Galilee coal projects but not mines in the Bowen Basin further east: ongoing Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) might encompass additional areas in the future. 'Regional' and 'local' definitions seem to vary in specificality: so Regional Ecosystems (REs, eg Natural Grasslands of the Queensland Central Highlands) are clearly defined, but the concept of 'local' for certain environmental values might be less clear. CIAs are complex, Dr Dique said, and they compound a level of uncertainty already present in the complex scenario surrounding a project such as KC. (I think it was at this point that Member Cochrane first mentioned the term 'motherhood statement', which means vague, feel-good platitudes – often used by politicians – that few people would disagree with.) Dr Dique acknowledged that the CIA was not complete, but for those ecological communities identified, the KC mine will have a low rating of impact.
Drummond Range, east of Alpha
Dr Dique detailed the need for longer-term field studies of species that move from one location to another because of changing conditions such as water availability. There are no Black-throated Finches recorded for the KC mine lease area, but GVK have gone beyond the call of duty in surveying for them anyway and, assuming that the birds may be there one day, have committed to resurveying at intervals in the future. With regard to revegetating degraded land, Dr Dique confirmed the uncertainty of its success because of the long periods required, but quickly moved on to what he regarded as successful offsets in the Bowen Basin, and the sound measures in place in Queensland to mitigate the potential for environmental harm. I'm sure we can all rest easier in our beds having thus been reassured.

By day 2 I had become aware of the lever arch file phenomenon. Mr Clothier and his two juniors – Clothier's clones I shall call them – had many files with them, so many they took over part of the prisoner's dock (this was the Magistrates Court). Whenever Coast and Country's counsel Dr McGrath referred Member Cochrane to a particular document submitted to the Court, Clothier and the clones would hastily grab the relevant files, loudly snapping open and shut the folder's mechanism. This appeared to be an ostentatious ritual that no one else at the bar table deemed necessary, and it became increasingly irritating during the proceedings.

It was Groundwater Day for what seemed like eternity. With the best will in the world and a determination to understand why the expert witnesses don't agree about groundwater behaviour in the Galilee Basin, the keenest student would be dulled by a couple of hours' debate about the definition of potentiometric surface – an imaginary surface representing the elevation and pressure head of groundwater and defined by the level to which water rises in a well*. Even His Honour was 'completely befuddled' at one point.

Mark Stewart, hydrogeology expert for GVK, took the stand on Wednesday morning of the first week: he was still there on the Friday. He began by explaining standard bores and vibrating wire piezometers. He talked about the MODFLOW groundwater modelling program (which I misheard as mudflow, an inappropriate name I thought). The same conceptual model was used for KC as for Alpha but with modifications for KC's underground section. Under slow and deliberate cross-examination by Dr McGrath, Mr Stewart explained potentiometric head in confined aquifers (ie those overlain by a confining bed of significantly lower hydraulic conductivity – the movement of fluid through pore spaces or fractures – which hinders the vertical movement of water). By this time, rock strata were being called 'units', which didn't help those already being bombarded with unfamiliar terminology. Further exchanges reduced our somewhat diminished will to live.

Next day there were endless minutiae about bore log readings and the interpretation of hydrographs. 'Is this line of questioning going somewhere?' asked Member Cochrane at one point, rather less than politely. It was, as it happened: Dr McGrath threw the position of the 300 metre drawdown contour into doubt, which was significant. Its revised position would back up the hypothesis of Dr Webb (see below) of recharge from the west. It was particularly hard for those lacking a contour plan to follow this argument.

And then, at 3pm, a new topic. Hurrah! Types of modelling boundaries. Sigh. The selection of boundary type – a no-flow boundary or a constant head boundary – is of critical importance to the simulation of reality. Every model needs a system of boundary conditions to establish a link with its real surroundings. 'Help me, what's it mean [sic]?' cried the Judge, speaking for us all. Constant head boundaries are used where there are no obvious natural boundaries such as a river – at the north and south boundaries in this case. This is fine as long as the boundaries are sufficiently far away from the area of drawdown (the fall of the water table caused by the pumping of groundwater out of coal seams), otherwise the impact of drawdown in the model will be affected. Are you still with me?
Milky Dam, Bimblebox Nature Refuge
Dr John Webb, hydrogeology expert witness for Coast and Country, took the stand on Friday and continued on Monday. Mr Clothier was clinical in his attack. I've seen him at work before and knew what to expect. His cross-examination seems fairly innocuous at first, lulling the witness into a false sense of security, until he identifies a flaw in the evidence. He'll worry it, adding other errors or omissions, until he goes in for the kill, in this instance undermining Dr Webb's reputation as a hydrologist and an expert witness. Dr Webb admitted his errors – indeed, the development of a hypothesis is on occasion enabled by them – but, eventually bullied and worn down, he conceded to Clothier that his work had not been that of a competent professional. At times his testimony was agony to watch: surely it is enough to get a witness to admit his or her mistakes, without being humiliated to boot. While under oath, Dr Webb was not permitted to talk to others about the case during recesses, during which he cut a lonely figure.

At the core of Dr Webb's hypothesis had been the folding of strata and the resultant fractures of the otherwise low-conductivity Rewan formation through which water might flow (see also A model of imperfection, April 2015). Ultimately, this might impact on drawdown. Information made available to Dr Webb since the Alpha case, namely seismic data, had ruled out the possibility of an anticline in the east. He stood accused of not removing it from his subsequent submissions soon enough. Mr Stewart's 'oversight' on the other hand, had supported Dr Webb's belief that there is recharge (replenishment of water in an aquifer) from the west. There wasn't as much mention of recharge mechanisms as in previous cases against proposed mines in the Galilee Basin. According to Mr Stewart, when describing input and output of the groundwater model, recharge represents a small part of the water balance in the system.

One potentially worrying implication of Dr Webb's corrections to his hypothesis is their bearing on the judgment of the Alpha case. Then, Member Smith set a precedent by recommending that the mine not be approved unless further investigation and monitoring of groundwater was put in place. Of course, nothing can change that judgement, and what is clear from this case is that there remains huge uncertainty about groundwater behaviour and the impacts of the development of so many large mines on a limited and precious resource. 

The economic argument sounded very familiar, too: the input-output model vs cost-benefit analysis. Mr Brown (of Economics Associates, who did the modelling) was first up, in defence of input-output. Within the terms of reference for a mining company's application to mine in Queensland, this is the model required. 'Does it create a negative number?' inquired the Judge. 'No', came the reply. How convenient, I thought. Roderick Campbell (of The Australia Institute) was much more interesting. Mr Clothier may have regretted electing one of the clones to cross-examine someone who dealt ably with questions to the extent that he interwove his opinion at the end of each answer. He made the case for welfare economics: cost-benefit analysis was essential in a project such as KC. Input-output assumes a limitless supply of arable land, water, other resources and workers for the mine rather than taking away any of these things from other sectors, hence this models's overstated economic benefits. He felt that decision-makers (such as the Co-ordinator General) should have been made more aware of the shortcomings of the model used. Mr Campbell preferred that decision-makers use their brains to consider a whole rack of social, economic and environmental factors in estimating the 'costs' of a mine.

Finally, there was environmental scientist Robert Storrs, whose company authored the CIA. Kathryn Kelly, representing the North Queensland Conservation Council, highlighted the inadequacies of the report. It failed to provide numerical values for 'high', 'medium' and 'low' cumulative impacts in a table. It had omitted the Adani mine and its rail link to port, the port development itself, and the passage of coal bulk carriers through the Great Barrier Reef. It had omitted the impacts of related projects on which KC will depend such as a new power station, power supply network and water supply system. The overall impression was of patchy data, some of it based on desk-top research when there was relevant additional and accessible data in the public domain (relating to the Carmichael mine, for example). The CIA was not sufficiently robust or consistent with the precautionary principle to adequately assess potential environmental harm. So, for example, there was no data for habitat loss in 19 other projects in the area, nor was there scheduled to be.
Remnant woodland of the Desert Uplands
In the beginning, I found Member Cochrane's approach interesting. His constant questioning seemed to be in everyone's interest, clarifying cloudy issues and holding arrogant lawyers to account. As the case progressed, however, he exhibited bias and even bullying tactics. He was inconsistent, on occasions advising participants to take their time; on others becoming irritated by their less-than-obvious line of questioning. Sometimes he went as far as almost rephrasing the less experienced objectors' questions for them; but he was hard on Dr Webb for 'fencing' with Mr Clothier who, frankly, made unnecessarily demeaning demands. In my opinion, His Honour could be petulant – ticking off one young chap for bringing a takeaway coffee into court as if he were a naughty child – and egotistical, showing off his knowledge of hydrogeology or economic theory rather than asking a genuinely enlightening question, and correcting typos in final submissions that he had given the parties fewer than two days to complete. 

I have no doubt he will find that GVK Hancock did everything that was required of them within the terms of reference, and therefore recommend their mining application is approved. The conclusion I have reached from three cases of this kind is that the existing approvals process is not sufficiently wide ranging in terms of scope, or thorough – from baseline studies to impact management strategies – to adequately inform important decision makers. And decision makers who are already challenged in a transitional economy clinging to an obsolete free-for-all mentality; on a continent at serious risk of climate change and biodiversity reduction; and in a nation whose political leaders are not yet fully recognisant of major change in numerous other so-called Western democracies.

Member Cochrane thinks it is unlikely he will hand down his recommendations before 6 December. This is the date on which the final components of the former LNP government's Water Reform and Other Legislation Amendment Act (WROLA) will be proclaimed by default unless the Palaszczuk government extends the Act's non-proclamation period or tables its own water reform bill. The fate of WROLA will determine whether or not GVK Hancock have to obtain a water licence in addition to mining approval. The potential abolition of this requirement is a further complication in the already vexed issue of Galilee Basin development.
* the potentiometric head in a well in an unconfined aquifer is at the elevation of the water table. In a well in a confined aquifer, the potentiometric head is typically at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer due to the confining pressure